英美文学名词解释

--.Epic: A long narrative poem telling about the deeds of a great hero and reflecting the values of the society from which it originated.Thestyleofepicisgrand宏伟的andelevated高尚的. John Milton wrote three great epics: Paradise Lost, Paradise Regained and Samson Agonistes.Sonnet(十四行诗Asonnetisalyricconsistingof14lines,usuallyiniambicpentameterrestrictedtoadefinitionrhymeschemeRenaissancetheactivity,spirit,ortimeofthegreatrevival复活ofart,literature,andlearninginEuropebeginninginthe14thcenturyandextendingtothe17thcentury,markingthetransition过渡fromthemedievaltothemodernworld.the essence of the Renaissance is HumanismTheRenaissancePeriodAperiodofdramaandpoetry.TheElizabethandramaistherealmainstreamoftheEnglishRenaissance.Humanism人文主义Humanism is the essence of the Renaissance. 2> it emphasizes the dignity of human beings and the importance of the present life. Humanists voiced their beliefs that man was the center of the universe and man did not only have the right to enjoy the beauty of the present life, but had the ability to perfect himself and to perform wonders.lakepoets湖畔诗人refertoThethreeromanticpoetsWordsworth,ColeridgeandSoutheywholivedintheLakeDistrictintheEnglandand wrote poems about nature.EnglishRomanticism (浪漫主义): 1)amovementinliterature,philosophy,musicandartfromlate18thcenturytoearly19thcenturyinEurope.2)emphasizedindividualvalues(个人价值）andaspirations（志向，抱负）abovethoseofsociety.4)thecharacteristicsofRomanticism（浪漫主义文学特色）:Passion/emotion,Individualism5)Representativewriters(代表作家）:Blake,shelley,Byron,WordsworthCriticalRealism(批判现实主义)1)TheCriticalRealismofthe19thcenturyflourishedinthefortiesandinthebeginningoffifties.2)Therealistsfirstandforemost最初的setthemselvesthetaskofcriticizingcapitalistsocietyfromademocraticviewpointanddelineated描绘thecryingcontradictions矛盾ofbourgeois资产阶级的reality.Buttheydidnotfindawaytoeradicatesocialevils.3)CharlsDickensisthemostimportantcriticalrealist.Gothic novel (哥特式小说): Gothic novel is a type of romance ver

y popular late in the 18thcentury and at the beginning of the 19th century. emphasizes things which are grotesque, violent, mysterious, supernatural, desolate and horrifying. With its description描述 of the dark, irrational荒繆的 side of human nature.AmericanRomanticism:1.fromtheendofthe18thcenturytotheoutbreakofthecivilwar.Itstartedwiththepublication出版ofWashingtonIrving’sTheSketchBookandendedwithWhitman’sLeavesofGrass.2.Itwasarebellion反抗againsttheobjectivityofrationalism.Forromantics,thefeelings,intuitions直觉andemotionsweremoreimportantthanreasonandcommonsense;3.emphasisonimagination,individualism.backtomedievalandnaturalTheLostGeneration(迷惘的一代）：IsatermusedtocharacterizeageneralfeelingofdisillusionmentofAmericanliterarynotables名人wholiveinEurope,mostnotably著名的ParisafterFirstWorldWar.FiguresidentifiedwiththeLostGenerationincludedliterarymodernistssuchasHemingway,F.Scott,PoundAmericaRealismAsaliterarymomentrealismcameinthelatterhalfofthe19century,asareactionagainst“thelie”ofRomanticismandsentimentalism.Itexpressedtheconcernfortheworldofexperience,ofthecommonplace,andforthefamiliarandthelowPuritanisminthe16thand17thcent.,amovementforreformintheChurchofEnglandthathadaprofound深远的influenceonthesocial,political,ethical道德的,andtheological神学的ideasofEnglandandAmericaNeo-classicism:A revival of classical standards of order, harmony, balance, simplicity简单 and restrained emotion克制情感 in literature in the 18th century.Symbolism象征主义: Symbolism is the writing technique of using symbols. It’s a literary movement that arose in France in the last half of the 19th century and that greatly influenced many English writers, particularly poets, of the 20th century. It enables poets to compress a very complex idea  into one image or even one word. It’s one of the most powerful devices that poets employ in creation. 使用象征来写作的一种技巧。象征主义在19世纪后半页在法国兴起，对英国作家产生了很大的影响，尤其是在20世纪诗歌方面。它让诗人把非常复杂的思想浓缩成一个意象甚至一个词。它是诗人在创作中使用的最有力的手段。Enlightenment 启蒙运动--an intellectual movement in Europ

e in the 18thcentury; -- guiding principle for thinking and action; --the belief in eternal truth, eternal justice, natural equality  --a continuation延续 of Renaissance; Transcendentalism：     Itwasagroupofnewideasinliterature(​http:​/​​/​wwv.renren.com​/​xn.do?ss=10791&rt=1​),religion(​http:​/​​/​wwv.renren.com​/​xn.do?ss=10791&rt=1​),culture(​http:​/​​/​wwv.renren.com​/​xn.do?ss=10791&rt=1​),andphilosophy(​http:​/​​/​wwv.renren.com​/​xn.do?ss=10791&rt=1​)thatemergedinNewEngland(​http:​/​​/​wwv.renren.com​/​xn.do?ss=10791&rt=1​)intheearlytomiddle19thcentury 2.      Therearethreemajorfeatures:1)emphasisonspirit,ortheOversoul,asthemostimportantthingintheuniverse.2)stressedtheimportanceoftheindividual.3)ThetranscendentalistsofferedafreshperceptionofnatureassymbolicoftheSpiritorGod.自然是超灵或上帝的象征FamousauthorssuchasEmerson,Thoreau(Walden)NaturalismApost-darwinmovementofthelate19thcenturythattriedtoapplythe“laws”ofscientificdeterminism决定论tofiction.twofeatures:localcolorandRegionalism乡土文学.FamousauthorssuchasDreiserSisterCarrie，CraneMaggie:agirlofthestreet,LondonThecallofwild介绍作家WilliamShakespearewasanEnglishpoetofEnglishRenaissance(theactivity,spirit,ortimeofthegreatrevival复活ofart,literature,andlearninginEuropebeginninginthe14thcenturyandextendingtothe17thcentury,markingthetransition过渡fromthemedievaltothemodernworld.)widelyregardedasthegreatestwriterintheEnglishlanguageandtheworld'spre-eminent卓越的dramatist.Heproduced38plays,154sonnetsandtwolongnarrativepoems.Hisfourfamouscomedies:Muchadoaboutnothing,Asyoulikeit,TheMerchantofVenice,TwelfthNight.Hisfourfamouscomedies:Hamlet,Othello,KingLear,andMacbeth.Hisfamoustragicomedy:RomeoandJuliet.HamlettellingusaboutHamlet,theprinceofDenmarkcamebackfromabroadatthenewsofhisfather’sdeath.SurprisinglyhefoundedwhatawaitedhimathomewasnotthefuneraloftheoldkingbuttheweddingofhismotherGertrudeandhisuncleClaudius.AghostresemblinghisfathertoldHamletthatClaudiushadkilledhim,whichputHamletintothedilemmaofrevenge.--总结